AP Chemistry Questions on Periodic Trends and Advanced Materials

📚 Quick Study Guide

• ⚛️ Periodic Trends: Properties of elements vary periodically with their atomic number.
• 📏 Atomic Radius: Generally decreases across a period (left to right) and increases down a group (top to bottom).
• ⚡ Ionization Energy: Increases across a period and decreases down a group.
• 🔋 Electronegativity: Increases across a period and decreases down a group.
• ⚙️ Metallic Character: Decreases across a period and increases down a group.
• 💎 Advanced Materials: Materials designed with specific properties for advanced applications.
• 🧱 Polymers: Large molecules composed of repeating structural units (monomers). Example: Polyethylene.
• 🧪 Ceramics: Inorganic, nonmetallic materials. Example: Aluminum oxide ($Al_2O_3$).
• 🔩 Composites: Materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties. Example: Carbon fiber reinforced polymer.
• nano Nanomaterials: Materials with at least one dimension in the nanoscale (1-100 nm), exhibiting unique properties. Example: Carbon nanotubes.

🧪 Practice Quiz

1. Which of the following elements has the largest atomic radius?
   1. A. O
   2. B. S
   3. C. Se
   4. D. Te
2. Which of the following elements has the highest ionization energy?
   1. A. Na
   2. B. K
   3. C. Rb
   4. D. Cs
3. Which of the following elements is most electronegative?
   1. A. Si
   2. B. P
   3. C. S
   4. D. Cl
4. Which of the following is a property of ceramics?
   1. A. High ductility
   2. B. High electrical conductivity
   3. C. High hardness
   4. D. High thermal expansion
5. Which of the following is an example of a composite material?
   1. A. Aluminum
   2. B. Steel
   3. C. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer
   4. D. Polyethylene
6. What is the typical size range for nanomaterials?
   1. A. 1-10 mm
   2. B. 1-100 μm
   3. C. 1-100 nm
   4. D. 1-100 pm
7. Which of the following elements is most metallic?
   1. A. Phosphorus (P)
   2. B. Sulfur (S)
   3. C. Selenium (Se)
   4. D. Potassium (K)