Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. Identifying and understanding functional groups is crucial in organic chemistry because they dictate how a molecule will interact with other molecules. Common functional groups include hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2), and ester (-COOC-). Mastering these groups is essential for predicting chemical behavior and understanding biochemical processes.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1. Hydroxyl | A. Contains a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and also bonded to a hydroxyl group (-COOH) |
| 2. Carbonyl | B. Contains a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms (-NH2) |
| 3. Carboxyl | C. Contains a carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) |
| 4. Amino | D. Contains an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-OH) |
| 5. Ester | E. Contains a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to another oxygen atom (R-COO-R') |
Complete the following paragraph with the correct terms.
The ________ group is characterized by the presence of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Alcohols contain the ________ group, which consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. Organic acids contain a ________ group, which includes a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl group. Ketones and aldehydes both contain a _________ group, but differ in their location within the molecule. Finally, _________ are characterized by a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to another oxygen atom.
Explain how the properties of different functional groups affect the overall behavior of a molecule in a biological system. Provide specific examples.
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